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To help discover a reasonable and eco-friendly insecticide, we undertook a study on the insecticidal potential of carvacrol and essential oils extracted by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus from the plant species  Nigella sativa  seeds essential oils of  Nigella sativa  (EONS) on  Callosobruchus maculatus  adults. Several tests including contact toxicity, repellent effect, topical contact test, and inhalation effect were conducted. Adults of  C. maculatus  have been exposed to the toxic effects of different concentrations of these essential oils as well as with carvacrol. The results obtained showed that both EONS and carvacrol exhibited a moderate repellent effect (class II) on  C .  maculatus  adults. EONS showed the highest toxicity by inhalation test, with an LD 50  of 13.386 and an LD 95  of 33.186 μL/cm 2 , compared to carvacrol (LD 50  = 21.509 and LD 95  = 38.877 μL/cm 2 ). The EONS by contact test exhibited more toxic effects, with an LD 50  of 23.350 µL/100 g and an LD 95  of 45.315 µL/100 g, compared to carvacrol (LD 50  = 27.853 µL/100 g and LD 95  = 45.184 µL/100 g). For the topical contact test results, carvacrol was more toxic, with an LD 50  of 3.915 and an LD 95  of 7.696 µL/mL, compared to EONS (LD 50  = 14.509 and LD 95  = 25.516 µL/mL). The high toxicity of EONS can be explained by the presence of 25.8% of  o -cymene, 8.53% of cyclofenchene, and 7.71% of beta-pinene, as well as 4.6% of carvacrol, in its chemical composition. Unmitigatedly, these data suggest that the essential oils of  N. sativa  may present a raw material for the development of new bio-insecticidal products against  C. maculatus , one of the main pests of stored foodstuffs.

open chemistry

Prefatory  in silico  studies and  in vitro  insecticidal effect of  Nigella sativa  (L.) essential oil and its active compound (carvacrol) against the  Callosobruchus maculatus  adults (Fab), a major pest of chickpea