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Several studies have demonstrated that stigmas of  Crocus sativus  contain several bioactive compounds with potential health-promoting properties. However, during the processing of stigmas, large amounts of floral bio-residues are normally discarded as by-products. In this study, using untargeted metabolomics, the comprehensive phytochemical composition of  C. sativus  stigma and tepals was investigated. Moreover, the antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties of the extracts of  C. sativus  stigmas and tepals were compared. The study was carried out using two methicillin-resistant staphylococcal reference strains (i.e.,  Staphylococcus aureus  ATCC 43300 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984), representing important Gram-positive biofilm-forming human pathogens. The antibacterial properties were correlated with total polyphenol content, total terpenoid content, and  in vitro  antioxidant properties of tepals and stigmas. The results demonstrated that stigma and tepal extracts, at the sub-toxic concentrations, were able to interfere with biofilm formation by ATCC 43300 and ATCC 35984. Besides, the higher antibacterial activity of tepals than stigmas was associated with higher levels of phycompounds. Therefore, our results demonstrated that  C. sativus  stigmas and bio-residues, such as tepals, are potential antioxidant sources and good candidates as antibacterial agents to prevent biofilm formation. Taken together, these findings showed that  C. sativus  could be used as functional ingredient by the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Phytochemical profiling, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of Crocus sativus flower: A comparison between tepals and stigmas