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In this study, the root exudates of wetland plants,  Pistia stratiotes ,  black algae , and  Cyperus alternifolius , exposed to six phosphorus concentration gradients (0, 0.2, 1, 5, 10, and 20 mg/L) were characterized. The experimental seedlings were cultivated in Hoagland solutions, which were then extracted, decompressed, and concentrated with CH 2 Cl 2 ; subsequently, a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed to study the root exudates effects under different phosphorus concentrations. Results showed the existence of several organic compounds, such as alkanes, esters, alcohols, amines, benzene, and acids (phthalic acid, cycloheptasiloxane, benzoic acid, and cyclopentasiloxane) in the root exudates of the wetland plants. The relative contents of phthalate, benzene dicarboxylic acid, and cyclohexasiloxane in the root exudates first increased, and then decreased, with the change in phosphorus concentration. The relative contents of three compounds in  Pistia  were the highest at 1 mg/L of phosphorus, and the lowest relative contents of phthalic acid and benzene dicarboxylic acid were observed at 20 mg/L of phosphorus. However, the relative content of cyclohexasiloxane was the lowest in the absence of P stress. In  black algae , the relative contents of the three compounds were 36.66, 16.24, and 14.61%, respectively. The relative content of cyclohexasiloxane in the  black algae  first decreased and then increased, with its lowest relative content occurring at 5 mg/L of phosphorus and the highest at 10 mg/L of phosphorus. In  Cyperus alternifolius , the highest relative concentrations of the four compounds: phthalic acid, dimethyl phthalate, octadecane, and diphenyl sulfone in  Cyperus  were observed at 5 mg/L phosphorus and the lowest at 10 mg/L phosphorus.

Characteristics of the root exudate release system of typical plants in plateau lakeside wetland under phosphorus stress conditions