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Bronze  gui -tureen is an important category of bronze vessels in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties; during the about 1500 years of its use,  gui -tureen has had complicated evolution in the shapes and styles, some of which were because of the progresses of the casting techniques and some were because of the social demands. This paper discusses the interrelationships among the shapes, decorative patterns and casting techniques of bronze  gui -tureens and the social demands, especially the influences to the evolution of the double-handles given by the technical and social elements. The casting techniques of  gui -tureens could roughly reflect the relationships among the productive and social backgrounds and the general bronze vessels as ritual vessels in different temporal stages.

On the piece mold-casting technology of the bronze gui -tureens in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties