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Previously we demonstrated that multiple cytokines could be simultaneously detected using an antibody-based protein array system with high sensitivity and specificity from conditioned medium and serum. Here, we created a higher density array system to simultaneously detect 35 cytokines from cell lysates and tissue lysates. This assay combines the advantages of the specificity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), sensitivity of enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL), and high-throughput of microspot. In this system, capture antibodies dissolved in methanol were spotted onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes. The membranes were then incubated with tissue lysates or cell lysates. After removing unbound proteins by extensive washing, the membranes were exposed to horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated antibody(ies). The signals were visualized with an ECL system. High specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of this approach were demonstrated. This approach can be used in any general laboratory setting without any sophisticated equipment. It should be feasible to extend this concept to develop a high-throughput protein array system. Combining nitrocellulose membrane-based and PVDF membrane-based approaches, the human cytokine array system can be applied to detect multiple cytokine expression from cell lysate, tissue lysate, serum, plasma, and conditioned medium. Future applications of this new approach include direct protein expression profiling, immunological disease diagnostics, and discovery of new biomarkers.

Detection of Multiple Cytokines by Protein Arrays from Cell Lysate and Tissue Lysate