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One can compare the difference between two sequential values with the biological variation. Biological variation is a measure of the random disturbances of an analyte's value, measured at different times. When the difference &gt;  Z √2̅ SD BV  then the difference is due to an underlying disease process or physiologic change. A Z value of 1.96 yields a 95% confidence limit. When using multiple sequential values or time periods exceeding that for the empirically derived biological variance, a random walk model allows one to estimate the spread of the variance. For a difference, (Δ) to be significant, Δ&gt; Z √2̅ n̅SD BV  , where n is the ratio of time reflecting the longer time period divided by the shorter time period. Not all variances grow to this degree over time, because restoring forces diminish the extent of random disturbances. The relationship between a biological variance measured over a longer time period to the one measured over a shorter period can be expressed in terms of this restoring force as    where n is the ratio of time periods. One can calculate Ф using this formula and a spreadsheet. From Ф one can calculate the biological variance for any time period, within experimental limits, and compare the difference in sequential values with it. Test intervals can be calculated based on these biological variances.

Evaluating Sequential Values Using Time-adjusted Biological Variation