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Only 4 basidiomycetes are found among the 500 marine fungi known today. The marine basidiomycete Halocyphina villosa grows submerged on roots and wood of mangroves in brackish water of tropical/ subtropical mangrove swamps. So far only material from the natural habitat of Halocyphina villosa has been investigated, mainly for morphological and systematic purposes. In vitro dependence of growth, basidiocarpand enzyme-production on different factors, such as temperature (11— 35 °C), salinity (0 — 200% natural seawater), pH (5 — 9) and composition of the medium are investigated in this paper. Optimum colony growth was found at 27 °C, 25 — 75% natural seawater and pH 6 — 7. The composition of the medium was less important. Cyphellaceous basidiocarps were produced in vitro only between 22 — 27 °C, 25 — 100% natural seawater and pH 6 — 7. The addition of pieces of wood (various mangroves, also Be tula) and/or of peptone as nitrogen source was required. Three types of basidiocarps were observed: funnel-shaped single basidiocarps, circular from above (type A); funnel-shaped single basidiocarps, laterally compressed (type B); composite basidiocarps (type C). The morphology of the type A basidiocarps is identical with those from the natural habitat. Only type A basidiocarps produced spores and were reported from the natural habitat also. Qualitative investigation of the production of 14 important and characteristic, predominantly extracellular enzymes revealed that H. villosa forms laccase, peroxidase, cellulase and pectinase (wood degradation), amylase and laminarinase (use of plant carbohydrates), lipase (reserve fats) and nitrate reductase (use of seawater nitrate, characteristic of marine fungi). The results are largely to be anticipated for fungi growing on woody substrates. The above in vitro findings lead to the conclusion that Halocyphina villosa in growth, fructification and enzyme composition is well adapted to its natural habitat.

Morphological and Physiological Adaptations of the Cyphellaceous Fungus Halocyphina villosa (Aphyllophorales) to its Marine Habitat