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In a recent review of the seagrass genus  Halophila  in Japan, eight taxa including four new species were listed: (i)  H. decipiens , (ii)  H. minor , (iii)  H. major , (iv)  H. ovalis , (v)  H. mikii , (vi)  H. nipponica , (vii)  H. okinawensis , and (viii)  H. gaudichaudii . In this study, the specific concept of  Halophila  in Japan as well as some other geographic areas was re-assessed by a combination of nuclear ribosomal ITS1, 5.8S rDNA, and ITS2 sequence analyses and morphological examinations of both recently collected materials and available type collections. The results confirm the distinctness of the Australian endemic species  H. australis  and the putative pan-tropical taxon  H. decipiens ; but also demonstrate conspecificity of: (i)  H. minor  and  H. ovalis ; (ii)  H. major  and  H. mikii ; and (iii)  H. nipponica ,  H. okinawensis  and  H. gaudichaudii . As an outcome of this study, we recommend restricting the list of  Halophila  representatives in Japan to the following four species: (i)  H. decipiens , (ii)  H. major , (iii)  H. ovalis , and (iv)  H. nipponica . In addition, we predict the possibility of  H. major  occurring further south than currently recorded.

A reassessment of Halophila species (Hydrocharitaceae) diversity with special reference to Japanese representatives