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Filaments were induced from cut edges of segments of  Gloiosiphonia capillaris, Gloiopeltis furcata, Chondrus ocellatus, Solieria tenuis, Ceramium kondoi, Chondria tenuissima, Laurencia okamurai  and from the intact surfaces of  Ceramium kondoi  and  Chondria tenuissima  under unialgal culture conditions. The filaments of  Gloiosiphonia capillaris  can grow vegetatively under free-living conditions, while filaments of  Gloiopeltis furcata  tended to differentiate after excision from explants and grew autotrophically to the 10- to 20-cell stage. Filaments of other species usually survived attached to generating explants. Two distinct modes of filament regeneration were discerned among the species. In  Gloiosiphonia capillaris, Gloiopeltis furcata, Chondrus ocellatus  and  Solieria tenuis , filaments initially developed into crust or crust-like compact tissue in suspension culture; upright thalli developed from the crusts. In  Ceramium kondoi, Chondria tenuissima  and  Laurencia okamurai , thalli were generated from pseudoparenchyma that was developed from filaments, while creeping parts (rhizoids) formed a prostrate system.

Filament formation and differentiation in seven species of red algae