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Since the first collection in 1989 from Mahone Bay (Nova Scotia), the highly invasive green macroalga  Codium fragile  has been spreading in Atlantic Canada and has become established along the coasts of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick. Considerable morphological variation had been found among thalli from different collection sites. This variation may be caused by the presence of different subspecies, or by phenotypic plasticity of one of the subspecies. Morphometric and molecular investigations were performed on  Codium  collected from seven sites in Maritime Canada and one from Maine to evaluate these hypotheses. Based on both mucron length and ISSR markers, thalli separated into three groups, suggesting multiple introductions of  C. fragile  into Canada. A group from the eastern shore of Nova Scotia and the coast of New Brunswick is clearly ssp.  tomentosoides  that likely originates from the United States. A second group, growing in Malpeque Bay in Prince Edward Island, is possibly an asexual variant of ssp.  atlanticum , another invasive subspecies of  C. fragile . A third group, found in Caribou Harbour only, is an intermediate in terms of both mucron length and molecular data, suggesting a hybrid of ssp.  tomentosoides  and ssp.  atlanticum . The origin of this intermediate group remains to be established.

Morphological and molecular evidence for multiple invasions of Codium fragile in Atlantic Canada