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Many seaweeds produce secondary metabolites that deter herbivory, but intraspecific variation in both the identity and the concentration of chemical defenses has been documented rarely. In order to evaluate the occurrence of chemical variation in the brown seaweed  Stypopodium zonale  along the Brazilian coast, we investigated the defensive properties of crude extracts and major secondary metabolites found in specimens from two distant locations (Forno inlet, Búzios, southeastern Brazil and Fernando de Noronha archipelago, northeastern Brazil) against herbivory by the crab  Pachygrapsus transversus  and the sea urchin  Lytechinus variegatus . At natural concentrations, the extracts from  S. zonale  from Búzios and Fernando de Noronha significantly deterred feeding by  P. transversus  and  L. variegatus , although the former was more effective as a defense than the latter. Corroborating these results, the major metabolites atomaric acid, found in individuals from Búzios, and stypoldione, from Fernando de Noronha specimens, also inhibited herbivory, but atomaric acid was more effective as a defense against  L. variegatus  and  P. transversus  than stypoldione. The variation between  S. zonale  from two distant and different geographic locations in Brazil suggests that defensivechemicals from this seaweed are not qualitatively or quantitatively absolute or invariant characteristics of the species, and may represent an ecological specialization to successfully prevent herbivory.

Variation in chemical defenses against herbivory in southwestern Atlantic Stypopodium zonale (Phaeophyta)