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Species classified in the genus  Ulva  are important foundational marine primary producers distributed worldwide. These species are particularly abundant and diverse through the northwest Pacific (NWP) where they experience marked latitudinal gradients of environmental heterogeneity. It is unclear, however, to what extent such dynamic conditions can modulate phenotypic and genetic patterns in these organisms, potentially reflecting the influence of historical and contemporary biotic and abiotic factors. Here, we assessed inter- and intra-specific genetic patterns of  Ulva  species through the NWP using plastid  rbc L and  tuf A gene sequences. Although we initially targeted  Ulva australis  based on morphological identification, we recovered eight  Ulva  genetic entities masked by morphological similarities. Except for the  Ulva linza–procera–prolifera  and  U. lactuca–reticulata  complexes, six of these genetic entities were recovered as individual species (i.e.,  U. australis ,  U. ohnoi ,  U. californica ,  U. compressa ,  U. lacinulata , and  U. arasakii ), and showed biogeographic patterns likely explained by clines in sea surface temperature and ocean current dispersal. At intra-specific level, all the genetic entities showed low genetic variation and divergence based on  rbc L (0–0.3 %) and  tuf  A (0–0.9 %) data. Our results provide insights regarding intra- and inter-specific genetic patterns characterizing morphologically similar  Ulva  species through the NWP. However, further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms underpinning such patterns and the associated ecological and evolutionary implications.

botanica marina

Environmental gradients influence geographic differentiation and low genetic diversity of morphologically similar  Ulva  species in the Northwest Pacific