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Members of the genus  Chondrus  are well-known from temperate and cold waters.  Chondrus ocellatus  Holmes was reported from Hawai‘i Island (19° N latitude) in 1999 as a new record based on vegetative and tetrasporangial characteristics. The first specimens were collected by Setchell in 1900 in Hilo, HI. The presence of a  Chondrus  species in the subtropics has been a phycological enigma for over 100 years. We addressed the question of species identity and biogeographic affinities of the Hawaiian  Chondrus  with fresh cystocarpic material, DNA samples, and phylogenetic analyses. Analysis and comparison of five genes (nuclear: EF2; plastid:  psb A,  rbc L, and 23S/UPA; mitochondrial: COI) from Hawaiian  Chondrus  and holotype and topotype material of 10 of the 11 accepted  Chondrus  species indicate that Hawaiian specimens are  C. retortus  Matsumoto  et  Shimada. However, unlike type material, the Hawaiian specimens are commonly pinnulate, vary significantly in secondary medullary filament density, and have mature cystocarps filling the entire medullary space. This study shows the value of using multi-gene loci and comparing multiple sequences of several species to confirm taxonomic conclusions. Our findings suggest that  C. retortus  may have immigrated via rafting on natural floating material or on ships’ hulls. Solving this old puzzle adds new insight into Hawaiian phytogeography.

Chondrus retortus (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) in Hawai ‘ i: a taxonomic and biogeographic puzzle