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The extensive application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2  NPs) has raised concern about its environmental risks. The present study aims to elucidate TiO 2  NP ecotoxicity, by assessing effects on seagrasses at environmentally relevant concentrations. Changes in physiological and structural cell traits of  Cymodocea nodosa  leaves, treated with TiO 2  NPs at 0.0015–1.5 mg l −1  for eight consecutive days, were investigated. Intracellular levels of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) increased significantly, even early during the lowest exposure, despite an up-regulation of H 2 O 2 -scavenging enzyme activity. Actin filaments (AFs) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) were affected in a concentration- and time-dependent pattern, while no changes in microtubule organization and cell ultrastructure were detected. The lowest effect concentrations for AF and ER impairment were 0.15 and 1.5 mg l −1 , respectively; for cell death, these were 0.15–1.5 mg l −1 , depending on leaf age, and for leaf elongation inhibition 0.15 mg l −1 . Thus, elevated H 2 O 2  level can be considered as an early warning biomarker for TiO 2  NPs, while leaf elongation, AF and ER impairment are also reliable indicators. A risk quotient greater than 1 was estimated; thus, TiO 2  NPs might present a significant potential environmental risk. Our findings can be utilized for monitoring pollution levels in coastal environments.

Physiological and structural responses of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa to titanium dioxide nanoparticle exposure