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Green tide algal blooms occur worldwide, especially in China’s Yellow Sea, and have caused serious damage to local ecological environments and economies. As a dominant agent of green tides, the green macroalga  Ulva  has caused widespread concern. In this study, phylogenetic clades were constructed among related  Ulva  species isolated from  Pyropia  rafts at six sites over 1.5 years based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and tufA sequences. In addition, traditional observation ploidy methods and flow cytometry methods were used to analyse continuous change in the biphase and sex ratios of  Ulva  species and to assess the changes in phase advantages over time. The results showed that the perennial  Ulva  populations on rafts mainly consisted of  Ulva flexuosa  and  Ulva prolifera , and the biphasic dominance of the attached  Ulva  populations changed with the seasons: sporophytes were predominant mainly in winter and spring, and gametophytes were predominant mainly in summer and autumn. At the same time, there were some differences in gametophyte and sporophyte frequencies (mainly sporophyte biased) compared to the null model prediction of a √2:1 ratio, while the sex ratio of male and female gametophytes remained 1:1 throughout the year. Our results indicate the presence of both phases of bloom-forming species of  Ulva  in green tides year round, and that multiple generations coexist and grow continuously.

botanica marina

Temporal succession of community structure and biphase ratio in a natural population of  Ulva  spp. (Chlorophyta) attached to  Pyropia  rafts in the Yellow Sea, China