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Alaria esculenta  is an important kelp species in northern Europe, Atlantic Canada and USA and the Arctic, with high economic potential.  Microspongium alariae , a brown algal endophyte using  A. esculenta  as host, is reported for the first time from Scotland (Great Britain) and Brittany (France), suggesting a wide distribution in NW Europe. The alga was found growing epi-endophytically in  A. esculenta  stipes and was occasionally associated with warts. Isolated  Microspongium  thalli grew in host-free cultures and formed plurilocular sporangia in a broad range of temperature and irradiance conditions. DNA barcoding using the nuclear ribosomal ITS1, the mitochondrial COI and the plastidial  rbc L confirmed the identity of the endophyte as  M. alariae . Electron microscopy was used to compare the alga when endophytic in  Alaria  with a host-free culture. As an endophyte, cell diameter, pyrenoid diameter and cell wall thickness were reduced. In contrast, there were more plasmodesma connections between endophyte cells, possibly to enhance nutrient transport along the endophytic thallus. In the light of this evidence, a parasitic life style is considered unlikely for the species and the adaptive value of endophytism in  M. alariae  remains to be elucidated.

Microspongium alariae in Alaria esculenta : a widely-distributed non-parasitic brown algal endophyte that shows cell modifications within its host