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Morphological identification of species in the order Gelidiales can be difficult and controversial because of phenotypic plasticity, the low numbers of reproductive specimens and poorly defined taxonomic boundaries. A DNA barcoding survey of Brazilian specimens of Gelidiales, employing neighbor-joining and Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery analyses, indicated the presence of 23 statistically robust primary species hypotheses (PSH). In addition to the cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI-5P), the chloroplast universal plastid amplicon (UPA) marker was also sequenced and submitted to the same analyses. Representatives of each COI-5P/UPA PSH were selected for  rbc L sequence analysis to further corroborate the occurrence of 23 species and to infer their phylogenetic relationships. These analyses confirmed the identity of six species previously cited for Brazil:  Gelidiella acerosa ,  G .  ligulata ,  Gelidium crinale ,  G .  floridanum ,  Pterocladiella bartlettii  and  P .  capillacea . Three new reports for Brazil were also detected:  Gelidium microdonticum ,  Pterocladiella beachiae  and  P .  australafricanensis . Fourteen species remain unidentified and require detailed morphological evaluation.

DNA barcoding reveals high diversity in the Gelidiales of the Brazilian southeast coast