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Land-based sewage pollution is a major threat to the health of near-shore coral reefs. Macroalgal  δ  15 N-values are useful indicators for tracking nitrogen sources and sewage input; however, the direct link between  δ  15 N-values of macroalgae and the coral condition, including live coral cover, species richness, and juvenile coral density, is unclear. Macroalgal  δ  15 N-values of two species,  Lobophora variegata  and  Tricleocarpa oblongata , were measured in Wenchang (northeast Hainan Island, South China Sea) in both the dry and wet seasons, to assess the influence of nitrogen sources and nutrient stress resulting from sewage input or upwelling on the condition of corals. Macroalgal  δ  15 N-values showed that shallow stations between the reef and the coast were severely affected by sewage input (e.g., river discharges and aquaculture ponds), whereas deep stations on the outside of the reef were influenced by upwelling-based nutrients. Correlation and redundancy analysis demonstrated that  δ  15 N-values of  L. variegata  had a stronger relation with coral condition than any other environmental parameter (e.g., water quality index, turbidity, and dissolved nutrients), with significant negative correlations in both the dry and wet seasons. Thus, macroalgal  δ  15 N-values can be used to determine where nutrient stress is negatively affecting corals, highlighting the links of human activities and coastal upwelling with marine ecosystems.

Linking macroalgal δ 15 N-values to nitrogen sources and effects of nutrient stress on coral condition in an upwelling region