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It is generally accepted that a micrometer scale roughness supports the osseointegration of titanium implants. While abrasive technologies can easily be employed to create a micro-topography on titanium surfaces, the preparation of rough ceramic surfaces is more challenging. Typically, abrasive treatments of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) surfaces result in rather smooth topographies (R a &lt;0.6 μm). Furthermore, when this sandblasting process is performed after firing, a transformation of the tetragonal into the monoclinic phase is observed. Exceeding phase transformation may lead to a decreased flexural strength and an increased brittleness – two highly undesirable processes for a ceramic for load bearing applications. In the present study Y-TZP surfaces were sandblasted between the pre-sintering and the final sintering step. Instead of corundum particles, sintered Y-TZP grit was employed for blasting. By varying the particle size and the sandblasting pressure, moderately rough (R a ~1.7 μm) and rough (R a ~3 μm) Y-TZP surfaces could be prepared. The resulting rough Y-TZP materials were analyzed with respect to their microstructure, flexural strength and 3D surface topography. The results of the subsequent in vitro and in vivo experiments reveal a cytocompatibility and a bone-implant contact that is well comparable to the reference material titanium SLA (sandblasted, large grit, acid etched).

Influence of surface roughness of dental zirconia implants on their mechanical stability, cell behavior and osseointegration