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To develop implants with improved bone ingrowth, titanium substrates were coated with homogeneous and dense struvite (MgNH 4 PO 4 ·6H 2 O) layers by means of electrochemically assisted deposition. Strontium nitrate was added to the coating electrolyte in various concentrations, in order to fabricate Sr-doped struvite coatings with Sr loading ranging from 10.6 to 115 μg/cm 2 . It was expected and observed that osteoclast activity surrounding the implant was inhibited. The cytocompatibility of the coatings and the effect of Sr-ions in different concentrations on osteoclast formation were analyzed  in vitro . Osteoclast differentiation was elucidated on morphological, biochemical as well as on gene expression level. It could be shown that moderate concentrations of Sr 2+  had an inhibitory effect on osteoclast formation, while the growth of osteoblastic cells was not negatively influenced compared to pure struvite surfaces. In summary, the electrochemically deposited Sr-doped struvite coatings are a promising approach to improve bone implant ingrowth.

Osteoclast and osteoblast response to strontium-doped struvite coatings on titanium for improved bone integration