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Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) plays versatile roles in various biological processes and in responses to stress in plants. To investigate effects of exogenous H 2 O 2  on the transcript levels of some genes encoding antioxidative enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase Cu/Zn (Cu/ZnSOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and also on the ultrastructural alterations caused by lead, 7-day-old seedlings of water caltrop ( Trapa bicornis ) were treated with lead salt (0.05 mmol/L) separately, or combined with H 2 O 2  (2.5 mmol/L). Ultrastructural observation on the mesophyll cells demonstrated that the lead toxicity, which resulted in the membrane instability and abnormal organization within organelles, was eliminated under the condition of the co-treatment with H 2 O 2  and lead. In this relation the combined treatment with H 2 O 2  and lead prevented the increased amount of malondialdehyde to some extent during the whole experimental period (24, 48, and 72 h). Furthermore, quantitative measurements by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that the co-treatment with both compounds, in contrast to the lead treatment alone, significantly up-regulated transcripts of  CAT ,  APX , and a lignin biosynthesis related gene encoding ferulate-5-hydroxylase (F5H). The H 2 O 2 -induced  F5H  expression is thought to modify cell wall and thus lower Pb entry into water caltrop seedlings, thereby enhancing tolerance to Pb stress. Morphological and molecular evidences in the present study perhaps reflect the fact that some antioxidative enzymes, especially CAT and APX, combined with the action of F5H on cell wall modification, contribute to the enhanced antioxidative defense in the examined plants treated with lead.

Hydrogen peroxide enhances antioxidative defense in the leaves of water caltrop ( Trapa bicornis ) seedlings treated with lead