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Acute kidney injury is a fatal disease characterized by a rapid deterioration of kidney function. Capsaicin ( trans -8-methyl- N -vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is a natural product extracted from  Capsicum . The aim of this study was to explore the protective effect of capsaicin on inflammation, apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction in an  in vitro  model of acute kidney injury. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute kidney injury model was established in HK-2 cells to investigate the protective effect of capsaicin. Cell viability was assessed using CCK-8 assay, and protein expression was detected using western blot and immunofluorescence assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and mitochondrial membrane potential were analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell apoptosis was detected by propidium iodide staining. The results showed that capsaicin ameliorated LPS-induced cytotoxicity  in vitro  and attenuated the release of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. Intriguingly, genipin abolished the protective effect of capsaicin. Molecularly, capsaicin activated transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 –mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 axis and inhibited caspase-1-mediated pyroptosis. In addition, capsaicin alleviated LPS-induced ROS production and mitochondrial membrane potential disruption and inhibited apoptosis. These findings suggest that capsaicin shows a protective effect in  in vitro  acute kidney injury model.

Inhibition of pyroptosis and apoptosis by capsaicin protects against LPS-induced acute kidney injury through TRPV1/UCP2 axis in vitro