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Chromatin remodeling in DNA is fundamental to gene expression, DNA replication and repair processes. Methylation of promoter regions of tumor-suppressor genes and histone deacetylation leads to gene silencing and transcriptionally repressive chromatin. For the past few decades DNA methylation agents became very attractive as the targets for cancer therapy. The purpose of this work was to examine the effects of DNMT inhibitor procaine on growth inhibition, apoptosis and differentiation of human leukaemia cells. The changes in expression of genes, proteins and histone modifications caused by procaine were evaluated under different treatments. We demonstrated that procaine arrests growth of human leukaemia cells and in combination with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) induces cancer cell differentiation. Procaine causes reduction of expression of DNA methyltransferases as well. The treatment of human leukaemia cells with procaine increase the expression of molecules associated with differentiation (CD11b, E-cadherin, G-CSF) and apoptosis (PPARγ). Moreover, the examined DNMT inhibitor enhances certain gene transcription activation via chromatin remodelling – the changes in histone H3K4(Me)3 and H3K9Ac/S10P modifications were detected. Our results suggest, that DNMT inhibitor – procaine, can be used for further investigations on epigenetic differentiation therapy of leukaemia cells especially when used in combination with retinoic acid.

Anti-leukemic activity of DNA methyltransferase inhibitor procaine targeted on human leukaemia cells