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HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) copies the RNA genome of HIV-1 into DNA, thereby committing errors at an exceptionally high frequency. Viral offspring evolve rapidly and consequently are capable of evading the immune response as well as antiviral treatment. However, error-prone viral replication could drive HIV close to extinction owing to an intolerable load of deleterious mutations. We applied a genetic selection scheme to identify variants of HIV-1 RT with a further increased error rate to study the relationship between error rate and viral replication. Using this approach, we identified 16 mutator candidates, two of which were purified and further studied  in vitro . One of these variant enzymes showed a generally increased mutation frequency as compared with the reference enzyme. A single amino acid residue, R448, is probably responsible for the observed effect. Mutation of this residue, which is located within the RNase H domain of HIV-1 RT, seems to perturb the interaction with template RNA and consequently affects polymerase activity and fidelity.

Activity-based selection of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase variants with decreased polymerization fidelity