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Thyroid hormone-induced calorigenesis triggers liver oxidative stress with concomitant TNF-α production by Kupffer cells and up-regulation of gene expression. Considering that cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (CDK-2) performs essential functions for cellular proliferation, our aim was to test the hypothesis that  l -3,3′,5-triiodothyronine (T 3 ) stimulates liver cell proliferation by upstream mechanisms involving CDK-2 expression dependent on Kupffer cell signaling. T 3  administration induced a calorigenic response at 60–70 h after treatment, with increased TNF-α generation and hepatic oxidative stress status, as shown by enhanced protein carbonyls and decreased glutathione content compared to controls. In this time interval, liver c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation, activator protein-1 (AP-1) DNA binding, and CDK-2 expression were enhanced, with concomitantly higher levels of the proliferation markers Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. These changes are abolished by administration of the Kupffer cell inactivator gadolinium chloride prior to T 3  treatment. We conclude that T 3  administration triggers liver CDK-2 expression and cellular proliferation through a cascade associated with Kupffer cell-dependent TNF-α generation, JNK phosphorylation, and AP-1 activation. Since CDK-2 promotes phase S progression within the cell cycle, this response may constitute a major mechanism involved in T 3 -induced liver preconditioning to ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Involvement of Kupffer cell-dependent signaling in T 3 -induced hepatocyte proliferation in vivo