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Elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels induce activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), a stress-activated protein kinase potentially participating in the development of atherosclerosis. The nature of the lipoprotein components inducing p38 MAPK activation has remained unclear however. We show here that both LDLs and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) have the ability to stimulate the p38 MAPKs with potencies that correlate with their cholesterol content. Cholesterol solubilized in methyl-β-cyclodextrin was sufficient to activate the p38 MAPK pathway. Liposomes made of phosphatidylcholine (PC) or sphingomyelin, the two main phospholipids found in lipoproteins, were unable to stimulate the p38 MAPKs. In contrast, PC liposomes loaded with cholesterol potently activated this pathway. Reducing the cholesterol content of LDL particles lowered their ability to activate the p38 MAPKs. Cell lines representative of the three main cell types found in blood vessels (endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts) all activated their p38 MAPK pathway in response to LDLs or cholesterol-loaded PC liposomes. These results indicate that elevated cholesterol content in lipoproteins, as seen in hypercholesterolemia, favors the activation of the stress-activated p38 MAPK pathway in cells from the vessel wall, an event that might contribute to the development of atherosclerosis.

Cholesterol is the major component of native lipoproteins activating the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases