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Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 (HAI-1) and type 2 (HAI-2) are recently identified integral membrane Kunitztype proteinase inhibitors. They have important regulatory roles in pericellular activation of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) which is critically involved in the development and regeneration of various tissues. Recent reports suggest that HGF/SF is also involved in testicular development and spermatogenesis. In this study, we analyzed the expression of HAIs in the testis. In human testis, HAI-2 was strongly expressed whereas HAI-1 mRNA was hardly detectable. Of interest was the observation that the mRNA size of HAI-2 was shorter in the testis (1.2 kb) than those in the other tissues such as placenta (1.5 kb). Subsequent experiments revealed that there are two major transcription start sites of the HAI-2 gene, which are ~30 bp and ~360 bp upstream from the translation initiation ATG codon. Although the latter site appeared to be mainly used in the placenta and other nontesticular organs, only the former site is used in testis, resulting in the ~300 bp shorter mRNA. An immunohistochemical study using a specific monoclonal antibody raised against human HAI-2 protein indicated that HAI-2 is expressed exclusively in primary spermatocytes. These results suggest a distinct regulation of HAI 2 gene expression in testis and that HAI-2 may play a role in the process of spermatogenesis.

biological chemistry

Expression of Hepatocyte Growth Factor Activator Inhibitor Type 2 (HAI-2) in Human Testis: Identification of a Distinct Transcription Start Site for the HAI-2 Gene in Testis