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Mitogenactivated protein kinases (MAPKs) areevolutionarily conserved enzymes which connect cellsurface receptors toregulatory targets within cells and convert receptor signals into variousoutputs. In mammalian cells, four distinct MAPKs have been identified: theextracellular signalrelated kinases (ERK)-1/2, the cjun Nterminal kinases orstressactivated protein kinases 1 (JNK1/2/3, or SAPK1s), the p38 MAPKs (p38α/β/γ/δ, or SAPK2s), and the ERK5 or big MAP kinase 1 (BMK1). The p38 MAPKcascade is activated by stress or cytokines and leads to phosphorylation of itscentral elements, the p38 MAPKs. Downstream of p38 MAPKs there is adiversification and extensive branching of signalling pathways. For thatreason, we will focus in this review on the different signalling events thatare triggered by p38 activity, and analyse how these events contribute tospecific gene expression and cellular responses.

In the Cellular Garden of Forking Paths: How p38 MAPKs Signal for Downstream Assistance