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In the RNA world hypothesis it is postulated that RNAwas the first genetic molecule. Recent discoveries in gene silencing researchon plants, fungi and animals show that RNA indeed plays a key role not only incontrolling invading nucleic acids, like viruses and transposable elements, butalso in regulating the expression of transgenes and endogenous genes.Doublestranded RNAs were identified to be the triggering structures for theinduction of a specific and highly efficient RNA silencing system, in whichenzyme complexes, like Dicer and RISC, facilitate as molecular machines theprocessing of dsRNA into characteristic small RNA species. RNA silencing can betransmitted rapidly from silenced to nonsilenced cells by short and longdistance signaling. There is evidence that at least one component of the signalis a specific, degradationresistant RNA.

RNA-Mediated RNA Degradation in Transgene- and Virus-Induced Gene Silencing