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ParD is a small, acidic protein from the partitioning system of the plasmid RK2/RP4. The ParD protein exhibits specific DNA binding activity and, as the antidote component of a toxin-antidote plasmid addiction system, ParD forms a tight complex in solution with its toxin antagonist, the ParE protein. Unopposed ParE acts as a toxin that causes growth retardation and killing of plasmid cured cells. ParD negatively autoregulates its expression by binding to an operator sequence in the  parDE  promoter region. This DNA binding activity is crucial for the regulation of the relative abundance of toxin and antidote which ultimately determines life or death for the bacterial host and its daughter cells.

Thermodynamic Properties and DNA Binding of the ParD Protein from the Broad Host-Range Plasmid RK2/RP4 Killing System