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Pathogenic bacteria of the genus  Yersinia  possess a type III secretion apparatus by which they can inject up to six effector proteins into host cells. These so-called effector Yops( Y̱ersinia ) o̱uter; p̱roteins) disrupt cellular immune defense functions such as TNF-α release, O 2−  production or phagocytosis and thereby allow  Yersinia  to grow extracellularly. Recent findings indicate that the effector Yops are highly active proteins that engage in crucial eukaryotic signaling mechanisms. For instance, the translocated tyrosine phosphatase YopH dephosphorylates the focal adhesion proteins paxillin and p130 Cas  within target cells. Furthermore, the  Yersinia  effector YopP is able to induce apoptosis in macrophages presumably by blocking MAP kinase and NF κB mediated signaling events. Here we discuss recent advances concerning the intracellular targets and biochemical signaling mechanisms regulated by the translocated  Yersinia  effectors.

The Tranquilizing Injection of Yersinia Proteins : A Pathogens Strategy to Resist Host Defense