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Abstract     This work is concerned with improving the design of textile scaffolds used to tissueengineer   anterior cruciate ligaments. Two important design criteria of a scaffold are   internal structure and cell-fibre compatibility. This paper considers both of these criteria,   providing a review of scaffold design and structural parameters, followed by experiments   on the biocompatibility of various generic fibres.   In this paper, the influence of surface area to volume ratio and polymer morphology on   cell-surface interactions is discussed, together with a consideration of the effect of poresize   and scaffold porosity on cell proliferation, migration and nutrient supply. Another   structural factor discussed is the role of fibre orientation as a means of guiding and   organising new tissue growth. It is possible to manipulate these scaffold parameters to   produce a scaffold of optimal structural design for the tissue engineering of the anterior   cruciate ligament.   A review of current scaffold types classified according to manufacturing method is   presented. These manufacturing methods include solvent casting/particulate leaching,   three-dimensional printing and fibre bonding. Scaffolds in fibrous form include woven,   knitted, braided, embroidered and more recently nonwoven.   Biocompatibility tests performed by the authors study the reaction of fibroblast cells to the   surface of different generic fibre types; including para-aramid, polyester, polypropylene,   polyglycolic acid and viscose rayon. The results of these tests are discussed in relation to   cell attachment and fibre morphology.

DESIGN OF NONWOVEN SCAFFOLD STRUCTURES FOR TISSUE ENGINEERING OF THE ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT