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This monograph, originally a Freiburg thesis, is the first to be devoted to two fascinating and closely related late medieval textual traditions. ‘Vogel parlamente ’ are defined by Busch as short verse texts in which several pairs of birds, each speaking two or six lines whilst perched on the branch of a tree, give alternately good and bad advice to a king as to how the honour of his land might be preserved. ‘Vogel sprachen ’ are essentially similar, but abandon the motif of advice in favour of more general moral-didactic instruction, and tend to feature four-line stanzas in the context of a somewhat looser and lengthier textual structure. ‘Vogelparlamente’ are preserved in both High and Low German, ‘Vogelsprachen’ only in Low German. Both traditions seem to have originated in the illustrated ‘Vogelparlament’ entitled  Daz chvnigel , the oldest manuscript of which (Lilienfeld Cod. 151) was written probably between 1351 and 1358 by Ulrich, formerly abbot of the Cistercian monastery at Lilienfeld in Lower Austria. Both, however, remained popular well into the sixteenth century – as is evinced not least by wall paintings in Maximilian I's bed chamber at Innsbruck and in the Lübeck ‘Ratsweinkeller’.

Petra Busch , Die Vogelparlamente und Vogelsprachen in der deutschen Literatur des späten Mittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit. 2001