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Using collocation is a key part of second language ability (Granger, Sylviane. 2018. Formulaic sequences in learner corpora: Collocations and lexical bundles. In Anna Siyanova-Chanturia &amp; Ana Pellicer-Sanchez (eds.), Understanding formulaic language: A second language acquisition perspective , 228–247. New York: Routledge; Nattinger, James R. &amp; Jeamette S. DeCarrico. 1992.  Lexical phrases and language teaching . Oxford: Oxford University Press; Nesselhauf, Nadja. 2004.  Collocations in a learner corpus . Amsterdam; Philadelphia: J. Benjamins Pub. Co.; Pawley, Andrew &amp; Frances H. Syder. 1983. Two puzzles for linguistics: Nativelike selection and nativelike fluency. In Jack Richards &amp; Richard W. Schmidt (eds.),  Language and communication , 191–228. London: Longman). Researchers often hypothesize that the influence of the first language is an important factor in the production and understanding of unconventional collocations (Huang, Li-Shi. 2001. Knowledge of English collocations: An analysis of Taiwanese EFL learners. Paper presented at the Texas Foreign Languguage Education Conference, Texas ; Laufer, Bhatia &amp; Tina Waldman. 2011. Verb-noun collocations in second language writing: A corpus analysis of learners’ English.  Language Learning  61(2). 647–672.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00621.x ; Phoocharoensil, Supakorn. 2013. Cross-linguistic influence: Its impact on L2 English collocation production.  English Language Teaching  6(1). 1–10) but we are only now starting to understand this. The present study provides a robust investigation of cross-linguistic influences by exploring how Vietnamese influenced Vietnamese learners’ use of English language verb-noun and adjective noun collocations in 104 350-word argumentative essays, using a framework derived from Jarvis, Scott. 2012. The detection-based approach: An overview. In S. Jarvis &amp; S. A. Crossley (eds.),  Approaching language transfer through text classification: Explorations in the detection-based approach , 1st ed., Vol. 64, 1–33. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, drawing on homogeneity among speakers of Vietnamese; heterogeneity between users of Vietnamese and other language; and formal and conceptual congruity between collocations learners produce in English and equivalent terms in Vietnamese. The study found that less than 10% of the collocations learners produced were unconventional and of these, 40% of collocations were influenced by the first language (L1); errors associated with incorrect use of prepositions in verb-noun collocations (e.g. the addition, omission or misuse of prepositions) are strongly L1-motivated. Learners make errors with not only incongruent collocations (collocations with no direct L1 equivalents) but also with congruent collocations (collocations with direct L1 translation).

Cross-linguistic influence on the use of L2 collocations: the case of Vietnamese learners