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Malawi’s colonial and post-colonial governments tried, without success, to create capitalist farmers out of the country’s cotton-growing peasantry. The plan foundered under the weight of low producer prices resulting from high freight rates and systematic transfers of income from the cotton trade into non-peasant enterprises. Villagers were left with no money to specialize in cotton farming, and the industry survived as a smallholder undertaking only because it received the uncompensated labour of dependants and resources from other sectors. Cotton agriculture developed as a parasite, on economic and political grounds. It originated in, and was for a long time sustained by, the silent violence of the colonial tax code: to grow cotton was to venture beyond the boundaries of economic rationality.

6. The Triumph of the Peasant Option and the Parasitic Cotton Sector in Malawi, 1891 to 1995