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In 1945, an International Military Tribunal began indicting Nazi war criminals. Information about Nazi atrocities had been available throughout World War II. However, the occurrence of such abominable acts had all too often been discounted or flatly dismissed as no more than wartime propaganda that was too exaggerated to be believed. When in 1943 Jan Karski, a leader of the exiled Polish government in London, who had twice risked his life entering into the Warsaw ghetto came to the United States, he met at the Polish Embassy in Washington D.C. a Justice Felix Frankfurter of the U.S. Supreme Court. Justice Frankfurter was a prominent Jew and personal confidante of the President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt. Karski recounted during his meeting with Frankfurter what he had seen in Warsaw, to which Justice Frankfurter replied, "Mr. Karski, a man like me talking to a man like you, I want to be totally frank I am unable to believe you." Also present was the U.S. Ambassador to the exiled Polish government, who cautioned his learned colleague: "Felix, you don't mean it. You cannot say such a thing. You cannot call him a liar." "I did not say he is lying," responded Justice Frankfurter. "I am just unable to believe what he told me." 1 Eventually Jan Karski would meet Franklin D. Roosevelt on July 28, 1943. Yet it would not be until once the Allied forces entered the extermination camps some l'A years later, the all too tragically unreal became the all too horribly real. After the trials began in Nuremberg on November 20, 1945, few people were of the belief that sufficient evidence existed to charge surviving Nazi leaders with crimes involving the commission of conspiracy, crimes against the peace, war crimes, and 'crimes against humanity' (involving persecution, mass deportation, and extermination on political, racial, or religious grounds). In opening the first trials in history for crimes against the peace, Allied leaders took on the grave responsibility of holding other former leaders and military officials responsible as individuals for crimes against humanity. "The wrongs which we seek to condemn and punish," declared Justice Robert Jackson in his opening statement, "have been so calculated, so malignant, and so devastating, that civilization cannot tolerate their being ignored, because it cannot survive their being repeated." History, he argued, had never recorded a crime perpetrated against so many victims "or one ever carried out with such calculated cruelty" against the 'inalienable rights' of all human beings." "Our proof," he predicted without exaggeration, "will be disgusting." And indeed, it was. Massive amounts of meticulously-kept records revealed the names and numbers of exterminated men, women and children. The annihilation of tens of thousands of civilians was not singular in comparison to similar horrific crimes. However, it is singular insofar as Nazism succeeded

Confronting “Crimes Against Humanity”, from Leipzig to the Nuremberg Trials / „Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit“, von Leipzig nach Nürnberg