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Repeat median sternotomy in paediatrics though associated with increased perioperative risks, yet the incidence of injury to the underlying structures during sternal re-entry is poorly quantified. We reviewed 108 patients undergoing repeat sternotomies (group-I) and a control group of 516 patients undergoing first time sternotomy (group-II) over six years with six-months follow-up. Overall mean age was 17 months (range 1 day-16 years). Uncontrollable bleeding was encountered in 4 patients (3.7%), non-fatal cardiac laceration in 10 (9.2%), minor injuries to aorta in 7 (6.4%) and right atrium in 8 (7.4%) in Group-I. Forty-one times (38%) pericardial sac was closed and 55 times (51%) artificial materials (Dacron/Gortex) were used in initial procedures. The incidence of injuries during sternal re-entry was significantly lower in those patients where pericardial sac was closed initially (P&lt;0.001). Hospital mortality was 3.7% in Group-I and 2.7% in Group-II, however, overall survival was 95% (group-I) and 97% (group-II) at 6 months' follow-up. Complete heart block, neurological problems and persistence of shunts being the most common reported morbidities in both groups. In conclusion, low incidence of morbidity and mortality in repeat median sternotomy is possible with careful surgical approach. The closure of pericardial sac in initial procedure provides many potential and practical advantages with regard to lesser trauma to underlying structures.

The complications of repeat median sternotomy in paediatrics: six-months follow-up of consecutive cases