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Fish of the genus Carassius with the Japanese common name of the funa , are widely distributed in the fresh water of Japan. However, there is considerable discrepancy of its systematic classification, as a result of its polymorphic characteristics . According to Naka mura 1969, the funa is classified into five subspecies, C. auratus subsp. "kinbuna", C. a. langsdorfii "ginbuna", C. a. buergeri "nagabuna" , C. a. grandoculis "nigorobuna", and C. a. cuvieri "gengorobuna". Ojima et al. 1966 reported that the diploid chromosome numbers of the funa and the goldfish were 100 in both sexes. Kobayashi et al. 1970, 1973 reported the occurrence of triploidy and tetraploidy in the ginbuna. These polyploid individuals consist of only females and propagate unisexually by gynogenesis (Kobayashi 1985, Kobayashi et al. 1977, Ojima and Asano 1977). Ueda and Ojima 1978 revealed that intensely C-banded short arms were shown in a pair of the second largest submetacentric chromosomes of the kinbuna (both mem bers in the female, but only one in the male) and of the triploid ginbuna, but not in the other subspecies of the diploid type. Such C-banded marker chromosomes were found in most varieties of goldfish (Ojima et al. 1979) and the Chinese funa, C. a. auratus (Ojima and Takai 1979). The Chinese funa corresponded in the electrophoretic patterns of muscle protein as well as in the C-banding patterns with the goldfish, suggesting that the origin of the goldfish was the Chinese funa (Ojima and Takai 1979). Takai and Ojima 1983 reported on the arti ficial production of tetraploid individuals from the triploid ginbuna, and proposed a possible origin of the natural tetraploid ginbuna on the basis of the chromosomal and the electropho retical studies of these tetraploidy. Thus cytogenetic analyses have provided several interes ting findings to assist in understanding the speciation and the phylogenetic relationship of the funa. On the other hand, Taniguchi and Ishiwatari 1972 and Taniguchi and Sakata 1977 suggest that analysis of the electrophoretic patterns of muscle protein was very useful for the classification of the funa. However, the relationship between the classification by the muscle protein patterns and by the chromosomes is not clear. In the present paper, we will report on the characteristics of the chromosomes and the electrophoretic patterns of muscle protein and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and the rela tionship between them, based on the specimens collected from eight rivers and three lakes, with special remarks on the speciation, the phylogenetic relation, and the classification of the funa.

Characteristics of chromosomes and electrophoretic patterns of muscle protein and lactate dehydrogenase in fish of genus Carassius (Cypriniformes).