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The question of the ontogeny of the several observable chromosome and chromonema spirals has led, in the past, to a considerable volume of literature. No attempt will be made here to review this in detail. Most of the opinions and critical data have been presented by Kaufmann (1936), Darlington (1937), Kuwada (1939), Nebel (1939), and Sparrow, Huskins and Wilson (1941). The main purpose of this paper is to re evaluate the compression hypothesis as originally elaborated by Wilson and Huskins (1939) following Sax and Humphrey's (1935) suggestion that coiling may be the result of compression of the chromonema within the matrix. This hypothesis may be contrasted with the more generally accepted one that the visible coils are a direct result of torsion at the molecular level (see especially Darlington 1935, 1937).

The Ontogeny of Chromosome and Chromonema Spirals A Re-evaluation