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Ghrelin has been identified in vertebrates from fish to mammals, and it has multiple biological activities including gastrointestinal (GI) motor-stimulating action. In some non-mammalian vertebrates, we examined the effects of ghrelin on contractility of the isolated GI tract as well as the mRNA expression of growth hormone secretagogue-receptor 1a (GHS-R1a) to determine whether the motor-stimulating action of ghrelin is common in vertebrates. The expression level of GHS-R1a mRNA differed depending on the species and on the GI region (stomach, small intestine, and colon). GI region-dependent expression of GHS-R1a mRNA was remarkable in chickens, and the expression levels changed depending on age. In a functional study, ghrelin did not cause contraction of unstimulated GI strips in fish (goldfish and rainbow trout) or amphibians (bullfrog and Japanese fire belly newts) even using their homologous ghrelin. In avian species, ghrelin caused contraction of the unstimulated GI tract of the chicken but not of the Japanese quail, and the responses to ghrelin in the chicken GI tract decreased with aging. Our in vitro studies show that the motor-stimulating action of ghrelin is not conserved across vertebrates and that the chicken is a unique animal species for evaluation of the GI-stimulating action of ghrelin of different age.

The chicken is an interesting animal for study of the functional role of ghrelin in the gastrointestinal tract