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Particle methods are less computationally efficient than grid based numericalsolution of the Navier Stokes equation. However, they have important advantagesincluding rigorous mass conservation, momentum conservation and isotropy. Inaddition, there is no need for explicit interface tracking/capturing and codedevelopment effort is relatively low. We describe applications of threeparticle methods: molecular dynamics, dissipative particle dynamics andsmoothed particle hydrodynamics. The mesoscale (between the molecular andcontinuum scales) dissipative particle dynamics method can be used to simulatesystems that are too large to simulate using molecular dynamics but smallenough for thermal fluctuations to play an important role.

Dissipative Particle Dynamics and other particle methods for multiphase fluid flow in fractured and porous media