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The capability of maintaining two satellites in precise relative position,stable in a celestial coordinate system, would enable major advances in anumber of scientific disciplines and with a variety of types ofinstrumentation. The common requirement is for formation flying of twospacecraft with the direction of their vector separation in inertialcoordinates precisely controlled and accurately determined as a function oftime. We consider here the scientific goals that could be achieved with suchtechnology and review some of the proposals that have been made for specificmissions. Types of instrumentation that will benefit from the development ofthis type of formation flying include 1) imaging systems, in which an opticalelement on one spacecraft forms a distant image recorded by a detector array onthe other spacecraft, including telescopes capable of very high angularresolution; 2) systems in which the front spacecraft of a pair carries anocculting disk, allowing very high dynamic range observations of the solarcorona and exoplanets; 3) interferometers, another class of instrument thataims at very high angular resolution and which, though usually requiring morethan two spacecraft, demands very much the same developments.

Science enabled by high precision inertial formation flying