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The objective of this study was to determine personal PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 exposure levels of tractor and combine harvester operators in rotary tilling, disc-harrowing, soil packing, planting, fertilizing, harvesting, hay making, and bale making, and to determine health status of the operators. The gravimetric method was used to determine partic ulate matters (PM) concentrations. PM10 concentrations were higher than the threshold limit value (15000 µg m -3 ) determined by Occupational Safety and Health Organization (OSHA) in rotary tilling (25770 µg m -3 ), wheat harvesting (29300 µg m -3 ), and hay making (24640 µg m -3 ). Similarly, PM2.5 concentrations were also greater than the threshold limit (5000 µg m -3 ) in these operations (respectively with 5888, 10560, 8470 µg m -3 ). PM1 concentration was considerably high, especially in wheat harvest and hay making (respectively with 3130 and 6026 µg m -3 ), and was even greater than the PM2.5 threshold limit during hay making. It is probable for such high PM concentrations of fine particles to increase the respiratory system nuisances. PM10 and PM2.5 concentration s were measured to be lower than the thresholds in all other field applications. A respiratory questionnaire survey was administered to 40 operators for determination of upper and lowers respiratory disturbances and smoking habits. Sixty three percent of o perators were smokers, and complained about coughing with 60% and phlegm with 83%. Health complaint about chest tightness is 31% and breathlessness is about 29%. Nevertheless, when smokers and non-smokers are evaluated separately, coughing rate decreases t o 47% and chest tightness reduces to 13%. Although personal exposure to particulate matters is important in its effect on respiratory system disturbances, smoking habit aggravates the complaints. Operators need to use personal preventions to avoid such adv erse health effects when operating tractors and combine harvesters without cabins. Operators are unlikely to work in the comfort zone due to high ambient temperature and low relative humidity in vehicles without cabins.

Measurement of Personal PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 Exposures in Tractor and Combine Operations and Evaluation of Health Disturbances of Operators