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Positive attitude toward aging and a flexible coping style have been found to facilitate successful aging. Cognitive beliefs such as hope and positive attitude towards aging has been found to slow down the negative impact of aging on brain functions; furthermore, the negative effect of stress on aging can be ameliorated by the moderating effects of goal oriented and situation driven selection and compensation of different coping strategies. An empirical study conducted in Singapore is presented. Using both the primary control belief strategies and the secondary control beliefs and strategies, Singaporean elderly studied (ages of 55 and 84 (males: N=81; females: N= 50) showed positive adjustment. Different coping strategies showed different effects on different symptoms assessed by the General Health Questionnaire. We trace the philosophical origins of the Asian conceptualization of life-span development and the positive beliefs and values on aging to show that: In this modern Asian community, the traditional beliefs and values still persist. With a more positive conceptualization of aging, the Singaporean elderly are actively engaging in situation-oriented and goal-driven selection of a variety of coping strategies to manage their aging. Introduction Recently, much attention has been focused on the cognitive mediators between stressor and stress responses (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). Scientific enquiry into the process of successful aging has found the relevance of psychological control beliefs for health and aging (Lachman, Neupert, & Agrigoroaei, 2011). Literature in this area suggests the adaptive functions of internal locus of control (Rutter, 1966) and primary control strategy that is, to change the situation in order to suit the goal of the self (Rothbound, Weisz, & Snyder, 1982) often predicts positive outcomes. The current paper explores an alternative approach to the sense of control by investigating flexible selection of specific control beliefs and the related control strategies (Lefcourt, Von Baeyer, Ware, & Cox, 1979) as a way to optimize the benefit during critical challenges in life development (Baltes, 1997; Baltes & Staudinger, 2000) and successful aging (Baltes & Carstensen, 1996). We especially focus on a less known form of control: secondary control to change some aspects of the self in order to adjust to the situation (Rothbound et al., 1982). Furthermore, we propose a flexible, situation-driven, alternating use of both primary and secondary control as the effective coping reactions to the challenges of aging. We propose that the healthy elderly use a combination of different coping strategies in order to minimize the difficulty brought about by ageing to maximize their functioning (Staudinger, Marsiske, & Baltes, 1995). We further propose that a series of cognitive factors a positive attitude toward aging (Levy & Langer, 1994), and flexible use of situation-fit coping strategies serve as cognitive mediators that facilitate positive ageing. Multifaceted sense of control Primary –Secondary Control Framework In this context, primary control is defined as a belief that the individual can enhance his/her welfare by influencing existing external realities, such as symptoms of aging. Secondary control is defined as the belief that the individual can enhance his/her welfare by accommodating to existing situation via changing one’s own cognition, affects and/or behaviors (Weiz, Rothboum, & Blackburn, 1984). The belief that people are in control of desired outcomes is a hallmark of American culture (Bandura, 1977) and the concept of agency – direct and active control over life events, is pervasive in North American literature (Lachman et al., 2011). Testing the concept of agency, Hitlin, Drickson, and Brown (2015) identified two positive outcome producing cognitive processes that build upon current focus on personal control within the

Mind over Body: Positive attitude and flexible control beliefs on positive aging