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Five years after the events in Crimea is the question “does Crimea now constitute a part of Russia or Ukraine” still valid? Most of the countries and international organizations qualify the Russian actions undertaken in Ukraine as a violation of the norms of international law.1 In particular, the Ukrainian side treated Russian actions in Crimea as annexation.2 Russia, of course, does not agree with such a view of the issue, and explained the situation as the asserting and exercising of the people’s rights to self-determination.3 However, as of today, no international courts have decided whether Crimea is Russian or Ukrainian territory under international law. Regardless of how this situation is treated by international law, we are faced with a fait accompli. Russia has complete control over Crimea. This situation has a direct impact on the residents of the Crimean Peninsula. Since Russia took control over the territory, Crimea’s human rights situation has been drastically deteriorating.4 The full range of political and civil rights for Crimea’s residents are limited by Russian law. Paradoxically, Ukraine also contributes to the violation of individual human rights of the Crimean residents. The international community has little

Crimea and Liability of Russia and Ukraine under the European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights