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Thyroid cancer is the most prevalent endocrine cancer. The 10-year life expectancy is 90% to 95%. More than 80% of all cases of thyroid cancer are differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is the most useful method to differentiate between benign and malignant thyroid nodules.[1–3] The National Cancer Institute published the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology, which recommended a cytological classification of thyroid nodules: nondiagnostic, benign, atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) or follicular lesion with undetermined significance, follicular neoplasm or suspicious for follicular neoplasm, suspicious for malignancy, and malignant tumor.[4–6] Earlier studies have reported that 20% of thyroid nodules were categorized as AUS based on cytological examination of an FNA biopsy specimen.[7,8] There is a 5% to 15% risk of malignancy in these cases.[9] Since it is difficult to determine whether atypia detected in cytological examination is benign or malignant, other clinical characteristics should be taken into consideration.

Atypia of Undetermined Significance on Thyroid Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology: Pathological Evaluation and Risk Factors for Malignancy