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We report on a user study that provides evidence that spaced repetition and aspecific mnemonic technique enable users to successfully recall multiple strongpasswords over time. Remote research participants were asked to memorize 4Person-Action-Object (PAO) stories where they chose a famous person from adrop-down list and were given machine-generated random action-object pairs.Users were also shown a photo of a scene and asked to imagine the PAO storytaking place in the scene (e.g., Bill Gates---swallowing---bike on a beach).Subsequently, they were asked to recall the action-object pairs when promptedwith the associated scene-person pairs following a spaced repetition scheduleover a period of 127+ days. While we evaluated several spaced repetitionschedules, the best results were obtained when users initially returned after12 hours and then in $1.5\times$ increasing intervals: 77% of the participantssuccessfully recalled all 4 stories in 10 tests over a period of 158 days. Muchof the forgetting happened in the first test period (12 hours): 89% ofparticipants who remembered their stories during the first test periodsuccessfully remembered them in every subsequent round. These findings, coupledwith recent results on naturally rehearsing password schemes, suggest that 4PAO stories could be used to create usable and strong passwords for 14sensitive accounts following this spaced repetition schedule, possibly with afew extra upfront rehearsals. In addition, we find that there is aninterference effect across multiple PAO stories: the recall rate of 100% (resp.90%) for participants who were asked to memorize 1 PAO story (resp. 2 PAOstories) is significantly better than the recall rate for participants who wereasked to memorize 4 PAO stories. These findings yield concrete advice forimproving constructions of password management schemes and future user studies.

Spaced Repetition and Mnemonics Enable Recall of Multiple Strong Passwords