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Purpose: It is known that women and men may have different performance in some cognitive tasks and different hemispheric specializations. However, results of the sex difference studies are not always consistent. Recent studies indicate that some cognitive abilities of women fluctuate throughout menstrual cycle. In this study, it is aimed to find out if men and women in ovulation and menstruation phases perform differently in semantic priming (SP) task and remembering task. Additionally, it is aimed to find out if there is any hemispheric specialization in SP. Methods: Seventy two women and 29 men undergraduate students participated to the study. Two pictures were presented successively to participants for SP. The first picture was presented for 100 msec on the left-side, right-side or the center of the screen according to the experimental condition by using visual half-field technique and the second picture was presented on the center. Participants were required to report if two pictures were related or unrelated. After the SP task, participants chose stimuli that they had rememberred from a list of the stimuli in the experiment in one-minute period. Findings: Results indicated that all groups had shown SP and there was no hemispheric specialization. Men responded related pictures faster than women in ovulation period however, no difference was observed between men and women in menstruation phase. Similarly, men remembered more stimuli than the women in ovulation phase. But no difference was observed between the number of stimuli remembered by the men and women in menstruation phase. Discussion and Conclusion: Generally findings indicated that cognitive sex differences might change according to the menstrual phase of women and these cyclical changes should be considered in reviewing the results of sex difference studies or conducting new research. It was proposed that cyclical cognitive sex differences might be related to hormonal levels those fluctuate across the menstrual cycle. The findings were discussed in the context of the negative effects of increasing luteinizing hormone (LH) levels on attentional and executive functions in both ovulatory phase and Alzheimer’s disease. Ozet Amac: Kadinlarin ve erkeklerin bazi bilissel islemlerde ve hemisferik ozellesmelerde farklilik gosterdigi; buna karsin, cinsiyet farkliliklarina iliskin calismalarin her zaman cok tutarli olmadigi bilinmektedir. Son donemlerde yapilan calismalar, kadinlardaki bilissel becerilerin menstural doneme bagli olarak dalgalanma gosterebildigine isaret etmistir. Sunulan calismada erkeklerin ve farkli menstural donemdeki kadinlarin (yumurtlama ve mensturasyon) anlamsal hazirlama (AH) ve hatirlama gorevindeki peformanslari yonunden farklilik gosterip gostermedigini incelemek amaclanmistir. Ayrica AH gorevinde cinsiyete ozgu hemisferik ozellesme olup olmadigi incelenmistir. Yontem: Calismaya 72 kadin ve 29 erkek universite ogrencisi katilmistir. AH gorevi icin katilimcilara arka arkaya iki resim gosterilmistir. Gorsel-yari alan teknigi kullanilarak ve deney gruplarina uygun olarak ilk resim sol gorsel alanda, sag gorsel alanda ya da merkezde100ms sunulmus; katilimcilardan merkezde sunulan birinci resimle ikinci resmin iliskili olup olmadigini belirtmeleri istenmistir. AH gorevinin ardindan katilimcilara deneydeki uyaricilarin bir listesi verilmis ve bunun icinden hatirladiklarini bir dakikalik surede isartlemeleri istenmistir. Bulgular: Tum gruplarda AH etkisinin oldugu; ancak bu goreve iliskin bir hemisferik ozellesmenin olmadigi bulunmustur. Erkekler iliskili resimleri yumurtlama donemindeki kadinlardan daha hizli degerlendirirken, mensturasyon donemindeki kadinlarla boyle bir farklilik gozlenmemistir. Benzer sekilde erkeklerin hatirladiklari genel uyarici ve iliskisiz uyarici sayisi, yumurtlama donemindeki kadinlardan daha fazlayken, mensturasyon donemindeki kadinlarla erkekler arasinda hatirlanan uyarici sayisi bakimindan bir farklilik bulunmamistir. Tartisma ve Sonuc: Genel olarak bulgular, bilissel gorevlerde gozlenen cinsiyet farkliliklarinin kadinin icerisinde bulundugu menstural doneme bagli olarak degisebilecegini; cinsiyet farki calismalarinin sonuclarinin degerlendirilmesinde ve yeni calismalarin kurgulanmasinda bu donemsel degisimin goz onunde bulundurulmasinin gerekliligini ortaya koymaktadir. Incelenen gorevlerdeki cinsiyet farkinin menstural doneme bagli olarak degismesinin kadindaki dongusel hormon duzeyleri ile iliskili oldugu dusunulmektedir. Ozellikle kadinlarin yumurtlama doneminde erkeklerden daha dusuk performans gostermesi, kadinlarda yumurtlama doneminde yukselen ve Alzheimer hastalarinda da yukseldigi bilinen luteinizing hormonun (LH) bellek ve yurutucu islevler uzerindeki olumsuz etkisi baglaminda degerlendirilmistir.

uluslararası i̇nsan bilimleri dergisi

Sex difference and menstrual cycle effects on semantic priming and remembering&lt;p&gt;Anlamsal hazırlama ve hatırlamada cinsiyet farkı ve menstural dönem etkileri