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INTRODUCTION Fossil fuel resources come from a variety of geologic sources, including coal, conventional oil and natural gas, and unconventional natural gas. Unlike fossil fuels, geothermal energy comes from heat in the Earth’s interior and is considered a renewable resource. In order for any of these energy sources to be present in a region as an exploitable resource, specific geologic features must be present. If any of the features required for a particular energy category are missing in a region, then that resource is considered to be not present in that region. The term ‘exploitable’ as used here means that the resource is present in sufficient quantities that it could be used as an energy source for local communities given currently available technology. This definition does not factor in the economics of developing a resource for local consumption. A resource may be present in an area, but the cost to develop might be too high compared to alternative energy sources. Alternatively, a fossil fuel resource may be present in an area and the economics of its use might be favorable enough to render other potential energy resources less attractive economically. The purpose of this chapter is to outline the geologic requirements for exploitable fossil fuel and geothermal resources. The economic and environmental costs of each energy category are beyond the scope of this chapter. The chapter concludes with an outline of the geologic requirements for an exploitable geothermal energy resource. In this report, we divide fossil fuel types into two categories: Conventional fossil fuels and unconventional fossil fuels. Conventional fossil fuel categories covered include coal and conventional oil and gas. Coal must be mined using underground or surface strip-mining techniques. Conventional oil and gas resources are hydrocarbons that will flow to extraction wells without having to make dramatic changes to either the reservoir rock or reservoir fluids. Unconventional oil and gas resources require either massive stimulation to create permeable conduits (tight gas sands and shale gas), thermal or chemical treatments to reduce oil viscosity (heavy oil and tar sands), or dewatering to promote the relative permeability of gas (coalbed methane). Unconventional fossil fuel categories covered include tight gas sands, shale gas, coalbed methane, and methane hydrates. Tar sands, or heavy oil deposits, share the same geologic requirements as conventional oil, but the viscosity is significantly higher than that of oil. Tar sands are not addressed in this chapter or this review, as there are no known exploitable occurrences of these resources in Alaska. GEOLOGIC REQUIREMENTS FOR EXPLOITABLE COAL RESOURCES

Geologic requirements for exploitable fossil fuel and geothermal energy resources