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Preferences of young caterpillars of three species of Pieris (P. rapae crucivora Boisduval, P. melete Ménétriès, and P. napi japonica Shirôzu) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) for the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves of their host plants (Brassicaceae) were investigated in the laboratory. On horseradish Armoracia rusticana Gaertn. Mey. et Scherb., which was provided as a common food for three species, second and third instar larvae of the respective species preferred the lower to the upper surface of horizontally placed leaves, irrespective of whether they hatched on the upper or lower surface. First instar larvae seemed to remain on the surface on which they hatched. However, fi rst instar larvae of P. melete on Rorippa indica (L.), a natural food of P. melete in the fi eld, and fi rst instar larvae of P. napi japonica on Arabis fl agellosa Miq., a natural food of P. napi japonica, preferred the lower to the upper surface, just as second and third instar larvae did. To elucidate the effects of leaf-surface preference, the percentage parasitism of P. rapae crucivora on Arm. rusticana and Ara. fl agellosa by the parasitoid Cotesia glomerata (L.) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was investigated. On Arm. rusticana, the percentage parasitism of the larvae on the upper surface was higher than that of larvae on the lower surface. On Ara. fl agellosa, however, percentages parasitism were nearly equal on both surfaces. Leaf-surface preference by the larvae of Pieris is discussed in terms of avoidance of parasitism by the parasitoid C. glomerata. * Corresponding author; e-mail: nakamura@big.ous.ac.jp INTRODUCTION Pieris butterfl ies such as P. rapae crucivora Boisduval, P. melete Ménétriès and P. napi japonica Shirôzu (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) are well-known in Japan as small white butterfl ies. The larvae feed mainly on crucifer plants such as cabbage, radish, yellowcress and rockcress. The common habitats and principal food plants of these three species of butterfl y differ (Ohsaki & Sato, 1999). Pieris rapae crucivora larvae feed mainly on cabbage and to some degree on radish or other crucifers in open sunny fi elds. Pieris melete and P. napi japonica feed mainly on wild crucifers growing at the edges of forests (Ohsaki, 1980). The larvae of P. melete occasionally feed on vegetables as do the larvae of P. rapae crucivora. Pieris napi japonica larvae are found almost exclusively on rockcress, Arabis plants. For that reason, their habitat is rather limited (Ohsaki & Sato, 1994). The larvae are adversely affected by predation and parasitism by many natural enemies such as spiders, bugs, Eur. J. Entomol. 115: 25–29, 2018 doi: 10.14411/eje.2018.004

european journal of entomology

Host-plant leaf-surface preferences of young caterpillars of three species of Pieris (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) and its effect on parasitism by the gregarious parasitoid Cotesia glomerata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)